New Update | Enhance your Podcasts with Deep Search
Improve your wellbeing with health tips and fitness guidance
Created by users on Jellypod • Updated daily
Budujte rovnováhu ve 4 oblastech života s Alešem Kalinou Vítejte v podcastu, který vám pomůže nastolit harmonii v klíčových oblastech života. Jmenuji se Aleš Kalina, autor metody Emoční rovnice™ a knih, které oslovily téměř 50 000 čtenářů. V každé epizodě získáte praktické tipy, osvědčené techniky a inspiraci, jak žít život plný dobrého pocitu. Přidejte se na cestu k lepšímu já.
Welcome to The Wise Way with Coach Tip — the faith-based healing podcast for those ready to grow through what they’ve gone through. This space is where real talk meets real transformation. Whether you're overcoming pain, navigating life after trauma, or simply searching for clarity, this show will remind you that healing is holy — and you're not alone. Rooted in biblical truth, practical wisdom, and Spirit-led encouragement, each episode guides you toward emotional freedom, renewed purpose, and unshakable faith. We’re walking this journey together — the wise way.
The Podcast's mission to is encourage a lifelong love & participation in endurance sport. Integrating Mental Fitness with physical training so you thrive not only as athletes but in all the important domains of your life. The MindFit Athlete podcast is designed to be an audio training companion for busy professionals with a love of endurance sports (eg. running, swimming, triathlon, cycling). It's designed to have a light & entertaining tone but to be informative and have actionable content. It seeks to use our experience of sport to inform how we live our wider lives. With a focus on integrating physical with mental fitness the Podcast seeks to inspire you to a lifetime participation in your sport - whatever your level.
This podcast discusses how nurses can partner with clients to support them to live well with illness.
Introduction to our services and key areas of service delivery.
"Leilani’s Couch: Ten Minutes of Motivation" was born from Leilani’s lifestyle shift—to stop shrinking, start healing, and pour into herself while inspiring others. As a mom, real estate broker, producer, founder of Boss Women Network, and MBA holder, she brings quick, powerful episodes that realign and refuel. This isn’t therapy—it’s real talk from a woman who’s walked through fire and came out focused. Sometimes, all you need is ten minutes on the couch.
Podcast about OMS-I lectures used to study for medical school.
The Foundational Health Solutions Podcast is hosted by Dr. Stuart Hoover, leader in the field of Foundational Health for over 25 years, and his co-host Eric Marquette provide insights into the world of Foundational Health along with effective solutions to improve your overall health and wellbeing.
Nursing study content that helps me study
Step into a space of reflection and empowerment with Pathways to Possibility, a journey into the art of intention. Hosted by Mystery and Digitallywired. Explore how clarity, purpose, and healing transform the way we think, feel, and act. From breaking free of negative thought patterns to discovering limitless possibilities, each episode offers tools and insights to align your intentions with your highest potential.
Muhamad Aly Rifai is a seasoned Physician, father of 3 and a Husband of an obstetrician-gynecologist faced legal problems with the Government for his innovative services to his patients and was exonerated. A leader in the field of Psychiatry being Board-Certified in Internal Medicine, Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine. He started this Podcast to tell the stories of Psychiatrists in trenches combining Psychiatry, Health, Law and Politics.
Discover 'Coffee: The Ultimate Treat Podcast'—blending coffee, wellness, and entrepreneurship. Learn about functional mushrooms for focus and immunity, as well as time management tips and insights from innovators. Elevate your coffee break into a success ritual. Subscribe now!
Un viaggio all'interno del volume "L'educatore digitale in sanità" della prof.ssa Claudia Bellini, pubblicato da Franco Angeli editore
Brain Bloom is a neurodivergent-affirming podcast hosted by OT Naomi. It explores the real-life challenges and quiet wins of life with ADHD, autism, PDA, sensory differences, and more. Each bite-sized episode offers insights, practical tools, and gentle strategies for navigating relationships, burnout, identity, and daily life—always with compassion. Come as you are. Short on fluff. Big on feels. Always neurodivergent-affirming. New episodes every week(ish).
Paper #1 🧬 ABSTRACT Over the past decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs) — tiny packages secreted by nearly all cells — have emerged as powerful players in both nanomedicine {meaning: the use of nanoscale tools or particles to diagnose, treat, or repair the body} and regenerative medicine {meaning: medical approaches that help the body heal or rebuild tissues, like bone, nerve, or heart tissue}. Researchers have discovered that EVs do more than just carry waste — they deliver proteins, RNAs {ribonucleic acids, which control gene expression}, lipids {fat-based molecules}, and other cargo between cells. This makes them important messengers in cell-to-cell communication, especially during healing or disease. The paper reviews how EVs can: Repair tissues like bone, cartilage, and muscle, Support regeneration in organs like the heart or nervous system, Deliver drugs or gene-editing tools like siRNA {short interfering RNA, used to silence specific genes}, And reduce inflammation in damaged tissues. It also explores different ways scientists are trying to engineer EVs — changing them to carry useful molecules or to better target certain cells — as well as methods to produce, purify, and use them safely in medicine. 🧠 INTRODUCTION Over the last 10 years, there's been an explosion of interest in extracellular vesicles, especially in the fields of biomedicine, drug delivery, and tissue repair. 💡 So… what makes EVs so exciting? They're like natural nanocarriers — think tiny delivery drones — that can move through the bloodstream and deliver molecular messages straight into target cells. And unlike synthetic nanoparticles or viruses, EVs are: Biocompatible {meaning: safe for the body}, Stable in circulation {meaning: they don’t break down quickly in blood}, Low in immunogenicity {meaning: they don’t usually trigger strong immune reactions}, And naturally able to cross biological barriers like the blood–brain barrier {BBB, a tightly sealed wall of cells that protects the brain from harmful substances}. Because of this, EVs are being explored for: Regrowing heart tissue after heart attacks, Healing nerve injuries, Treating osteoporosis (bone weakening), Fighting inflammatory diseases, And delivering RNA-based therapies for genetic disorders or cancer. 🔬 Types of EVs This paper mostly focuses on: Exosomes {30–150 nm vesicles made inside the cell, released by fusion of multivesicular bodies with the cell membrane}, Microvesicles {100–1,000 nm, bud directly from the membrane}, And apoptotic bodies {vesicles released during cell death}. But it’s exosomes that are getting most of the attention in regenerative medicine and nanotherapy — because of their size, stability, and natural role in cell signaling. ⚠️ Challenges Ahead Even though the potential is massive, there are still problems to solve: How do we isolate EVs reliably and purely at scale? How do we engineer them to deliver the right cargo to the right place? How do we store and administer them in real-world medical settings? That’s what this review will tackle — by summarizing major research findings from the last decade, highlighting promising clinical directions, and pointing out what still needs to be improved. 🎤 That wraps Part 1. Next up: EV biogenesis — how these little messengers are made, loaded, and released. 🎧 SECTION 2: EV Biogenesis, Cargo Loading & Isolation — Annotated Podcast Version 🧬 2.1 EV Biogenesis (How EVs Form Naturally) EVs originate from two primary cellular pathways: endosomal and plasma membrane-derived mechanisms. In the endosomal route, inward budding of the endosomal membrane forms intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) inside multivesicular bodies (MVBs). These MVBs then fuse with the plasma membrane to release ILVs as exosomes. The plasma membrane pathway, by contrast, directly buds vesicles outward into the extracellular space, forming microvesicles (MVs). These pathways are tightly regulated by proteins like ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport) {a group of protein complexes that help sort and package cargo into vesicles} and Rab GTPases {molecular switches that help vesicles move to the right place}. 🧠 Why it matters: Understanding this biogenesis helps researchers engineer EVs to carry specific cargo — like drugs or RNA — for therapeutic delivery. 🧪 2.2 Cargo Loading Mechanisms (Natural and Artificial) Cells naturally load cargo like miRNAs, mRNAs, proteins, and lipids into EVs. However, for therapeutic use, researchers want more control. There are two general approaches: ▶️ Endogenous loading: Modifying the parent cell so that it naturally packages the desired cargo into EVs. Example: transfecting a cell to overexpress a therapeutic miRNA. ▶️ Exogenous loading: Inserting cargo after EVs are isolated. This can be done using: Electroporation {using electricity to open pores in the EV membrane} Sonication {using sound waves to push cargo in} Freeze-thaw cycles, chemical treatments, or saponin-mediated permeabilization {using a detergent-like molecule to temporarily open the EV membrane} Each has pros and cons in terms of efficiency, EV integrity, and scalability. 🧠 Why it matters: Efficient loading = more therapeutic effect. But too harsh, and the EVs fall apart. 🧲 2.3 Isolation and Purification Methods Isolating EVs from biofluids like blood or cell culture media is crucial for clinical use. The methods vary in purity, scalability, and cost. 🧱 Conventional Methods: Ultracentrifugation (UC) — the gold standard Pros: High yield Cons: Time-consuming, expensive, low purity due to co-isolated proteins Ultrafiltration Pros: Fast and scalable Cons: Filters clog easily, can damage vesicles Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) Pros: Gentle, preserves vesicle structure Cons: Can co-isolate similarly sized particles like lipoproteins Immunoaffinity capture Uses antibodies against EV surface markers (e.g., CD63, CD9) Pros: Highly specific Cons: Expensive, not scalable 🧪 Advanced Methods: Microfluidic isolation platforms Lab-on-a-chip devices that separate EVs based on size or surface markers Pros: Fast, requires small sample volumes Cons: Still under development for clinical-scale use Immunoaffinity-based microfluidics Combines specificity of antibodies with efficiency of microfluidics Pros: Very high purity Cons: Still experimental, costly 🧠 Why it matters: The method used affects downstream applications. For example, diagnostic tests require high purity, but drug delivery may prioritize yield. 💡 Summary of Section 2: EVs form either via endosomal (exosomes) or plasma membrane (microvesicles) pathways Cargo can be loaded naturally or artificially, each with different challenges Isolation is a huge bottleneck: no perfect method exists yet 🧬 Understanding and improving these processes is essential for EVs to move from the lab bench to the bedside. Explanation of the Exosome Clinical Trials Table Column What it Means Example from table Exosome’s application The general purpose or type of use for the exosomes in the trial — either delivering drugs, therapy, or biomarker identification. "Drug delivery" or "Therapy" or "Biomarker" Pathology The disease or condition targeted by the clinical trial. "NSCLC" (Non-small cell lung cancer) or "Psoriasis" Phase The clinical trial phase indicates how far along the trial is: 1 (safety & dosage), 2 (efficacy & side effects), 3 (large-scale testing), or NA (not applicable or unspecified). Phase 2 for NSCLC trial started in 2010. Start year The year the clinical trial began. 2010 for the NSCLC trial. Source of exosome Where the exosomes used in the trial were originally harvested or derived from. Could be a type of cell, tissue, or even plants. "Dendritic cells," "MSCs" (mesenchymal stem cells), "Plant (ginger)" Sponsor The institution or company funding or conducting the clinical trial. "Gustave Roussy," "University of Louisville," "ILIAS Biologics Inc." Clinical trial number The unique identifier (NCT number) assigned to the trial in clinical registries (like ClinicalTrials.gov), so you can look up details. NCT01159288 for the NSCLC trial. How to interpret this? If you see "Drug delivery" under application, the exosomes are being tested to carry and release drugs to treat diseases, for example, delivering chemotherapy drugs directly to cancer cells. If you see "Therapy", it means the exosomes themselves or what they carry are being tested as the main treatment — like using stem cell-derived exosomes to reduce inflammation. Biomarker trials are investigating if exosomes can help detect or diagnose diseases, like using exosomes found in blood to identify cancer early. The Phase tells you how mature the trial is: Phase 1 = Safety check on a small number of patients Phase 2 = Looks at effectiveness and side effects in a bigger group Phase 3 = Large-scale confirmation of results before approval NA = Might be early research or observational studies without these phases. The Source of exosome is important because exosomes carry molecular information from their origin cells, influencing their therapeutic potential. For example: Dendritic cells exosomes may stimulate immune responses. MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells) exosomes often have regenerative and anti-inflammatory effects. Plant-derived exosomes (like from ginger or grapes) are being explored for oral delivery and anti-inflammatory properties. The Sponsor tells you who is responsible for the trial, which can be a hospital, university, or biotech company. The Clinical trial number lets researchers or curious people find detailed info about the trial on official databases. Example — First Row Explained: | Drug delivery | NSCLC | 2 | 2010 | Dendritic cells | Gustave Roussy, Cancer Campus, Grand Paris | NCT01159288 | Exosomes are used to deliver drugs to treat non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The trial is in phase 2 (testing efficacy and side effects). It started in 2010. The exosomes are derived from dendritic cells (immune cells). Sponsored by the Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus in France. You can look it up with the clinical trial number NCT01159288. Exosomes in Nanomedicine & Drug Delivery: General Exosomes are natural nanovesicles secreted by cells that play roles in cell communication, disease progression, and therapy. They have excellent biocompatibility, stability, and can cross biological barriers like the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These properties make exosomes attractive for: Therapeutic delivery vehicles Disease biomarkers Cell-free vaccines and immune modulators 3. Examples of Exosome Drug Delivery Applications by Organ/System 3.1 Brain Disorders The BBB restricts delivery of almost all large biologics and 98% of small molecule drugs, so exosomes’ natural ability to cross BBB is crucial. Exosomes can deliver therapeutic agents to brain tumors (e.g. glioblastoma), neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s), and CNS infections. Example cargoes: miRNAs (e.g. antisense miRNA-21 for glioblastoma) Chemotherapy drugs (e.g. doxorubicin) Catalase mRNA to reduce neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s siRNA for gene silencing in Huntington’s Loading techniques include pre-isolation transfection (genetically engineering source cells) and post-isolation active loading (sonication, electroporation). Targeting ligands like transferrin help exosomes home to tumors or specific brain regions. 3.2 Lung Disorders Exosomal miRNAs regulate drug resistance, angiogenesis, and cancer cell proliferation in lung cancer. Exosomes from breast cancer cells can specifically interact with lung cancer cells via membrane proteins (e.g., surfactant protein C, integrin 4). Exosomes from cow milk loaded with siRNA against KRAS (a major oncogene) reduce tumor growth in lung cancer models. They also show promise in treating other lung diseases: inflammation, injury, fibrosis, asthma. 3.3 Liver Disorders Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer death; exosomes carrying miRNA-122 can increase chemotherapy sensitivity and inhibit tumor growth. Exosomes loaded with CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes can deliver gene editing machinery to liver cells for gene therapy. Exosomes mediate immune responses and viral propagation in hepatitis infections; they influence inflammation and immune evasion. 3.4 Other Cancers & Diseases Doxorubicin-loaded exosomes improve efficacy and reduce toxicity compared to free drug in breast, ovarian, colon, pancreatic, prostate, and osteosarcoma cancers. Other drugs like paclitaxel, curcumin, and cisplatin have been loaded into exosomes for targeted delivery. Exosomes can be engineered for tissue-specific targeting, improving personalized medicine potential. Raw milk exosomes may help deliver antioxidant and anti-inflammatory anthocyanidins effectively. 4. Exosome Advantages Natural biocompatibility and low immunogenicity Ability to cross biological barriers like BBB Specific targeting ability by modifying surface proteins High stability and capacity to carry diverse cargoes (RNAs, drugs, proteins) Potential for personalized and precision therapies 5. Summary of Loading & Characterization Techniques Loading Technique Description Pre-isolation Transfection Engineering source cells to express/load cargo before EV release Post-isolation Sonication Physically loading cargo after isolation by sonication Electroporation Electrical pulses to open EV membranes for cargo loading Direct Transfection Chemical/physical transfection of EVs with cargo Passive Incubation Simple incubation allowing cargo diffusion into EVs Characterization methods include: Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) Western Blot (WB) RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) Proteomics Flow cytometry (FCM) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) ELISA 6. Important Concepts Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB): a selective barrier preventing most drugs from entering the brain. Exosomes can cross it, making them promising for brain therapies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs): small noncoding RNAs regulating gene expression, often used as therapeutic cargo or biomarkers. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs): stem cells commonly used as a source for therapeutic exosomes. CRISPR-Cas9: gene-editing technology delivered via exosomes to target specific genes. 🧬 SECTION 4: Exosomes in Cancer Immunotherapy Exosomes are being explored as powerful immunotherapeutic agents in cancer. That means they might help train the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. One reason exosomes are great for this is because they can carry tumor antigens — the little “flags” on cancer cells that identify them as targets. There are two major ways exosomes can be used in cancer immunotherapy: 4.1. As Cell-Free Cancer Vaccines Some studies have used tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) — which are just exosomes coming from cancer cells — as vaccines. These TEXs carry tumor-specific proteins and can stimulate immune cells, especially cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) {meaning: killer T cells that destroy infected or cancerous cells}. For example, dendritic cells (DCs) {meaning: immune system “scouts” that process and present antigens} loaded with tumor-derived exosomes have been shown to stimulate antitumor immune responses in mice and human trials. Even more advanced: instead of loading dendritic cells manually, some researchers are now directly injecting TEXs to stimulate T-cell responses. 💡 This shows that exosomes could someday replace traditional cancer vaccines — doing it more naturally and safely. 4.2. As Immune Modulators Exosomes can also modulate or influence the immune system — in good or bad ways. On one hand, immune cell-derived exosomes (like from NK cells or T cells) can kill tumor cells directly or activate more immune responses. On the other hand, some tumor-derived exosomes might suppress immunity — like making T cells tired or reducing antigen presentation. So scientists are exploring engineered exosomes to only promote positive effects and block the bad ones. 🎯 SECTION 5: Exosome Targeting Strategies in Cancer Therapy If you're going to treat cancer with exosomes, you need to make sure they deliver the right cargo (like siRNA, miRNA, or drugs) to the right tissue — not everywhere. This section is about how we can engineer that “targeting.” There are two big strategies here: 5.1. Natural Targeting (Inherent Tropism) Exosomes sometimes naturally go to certain tissues based on where they came from. For example: Exosomes from brain cells often cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) {meaning: the protective lining that blocks many drugs from entering the brain}. Tumor-derived exosomes tend to “home in” on tumors — maybe because of the shared surface markers. This natural targeting is called tropism {meaning: natural attraction toward a certain tissue or environment}. 5.2. Engineered Targeting Scientists are now customizing exosomes by decorating their surface with targeting ligands {meaning: molecules that bind to specific receptors on target cells}. Example: Attaching RGD peptides {meaning: a short protein sequence that binds to integrins on tumor blood vessels} so that the exosome delivers its payload only to tumors. Another method: fusing transferrin, which binds to transferrin receptors overexpressed in cancer cells, directly to the exosome membrane. ⚒️ Methods for engineering this include: Genetic fusion (adding coding sequences for targeting proteins) Chemical conjugation (using click chemistry to attach molecules to the membrane) This allows for precision targeting and could be super useful in your EXODEC design. 🔍 SECTION 6: Exosomes as Biomarkers in Cancer Exosomes are also rich diagnostic tools because their content reflects the condition of the parent cells. That means a simple blood or urine test could reveal cancer signs way earlier than current methods. Key highlights: 6.1. Cargo Mirrors Cancer Progression Exosomes from cancer patients often contain: Specific miRNAs {meaning: small RNA molecules that regulate genes and are often messed up in cancer} Mutant proteins or oncogenes (like mutant KRAS, EGFRvIII, or HER2) Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) or even DNA fragments Because exosomes can cross barriers and float in bodily fluids, this makes them ideal for liquid biopsy {meaning: a simple blood test that can detect cancer without a tissue sample}. 6.2. Diagnostic Panels Are Emerging Scientists are building exosome-based biomarker panels to diagnose or track cancer types like: Lung cancer (e.g., exosomal miR-21 and miR-210) Pancreatic cancer (e.g., GPC1 protein in exosomes) Glioblastoma (e.g., EGFRvIII-containing exosomes) Many of these panels are non-invasive, reproducible, and may someday be part of your regular checkup. 6.3. Challenges and Next Steps BUT — to use exosomes as official clinical biomarkers, we need: Standardized isolation and purification Better understanding of which exosome subtypes are informative Large-scale clinical studies This is where your science fair project EXODEC could tie in beautifully — maybe by helping improve targeting, isolation, or disease-specific detection. ✅ TL;DR Summary: Application Area Use of Exosomes Key Techniques / Challenges Cancer Immunotherapy Vaccine-like role, stimulate T-cells, modulate immune response Need to engineer away immune suppression Targeted Delivery Deliver drugs/siRNA/miRNA to tumors Use natural tropism or attach ligands (like RGD, transferrin) Biomarker Discovery Detect miRNAs, proteins, DNA in fluids Build reliable, standardized diagnostic panels What the Table Shows The table lists multiple disorders or target tissues and connects each to: Source of the exosomes: Where the exosomes come from, e.g., mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), cardiac cells, adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), etc. Aim of using exosomes: The therapeutic goal, e.g., improving cardiac function, promoting nerve regeneration, reducing inflammation, stimulating bone growth, etc. Regenerative medicine methodology: The biological mechanism or pathway through which exosomes act, such as delivering specific microRNAs (miRNAs), proteins, or signaling molecules; activating certain molecular pathways; reducing apoptosis (cell death); promoting angiogenesis (new blood vessel formation); etc. Experimental context: Whether the study was done in vitro (in cell culture), in vivo (in living organisms, often animal models), or ex vivo (in isolated tissues). References: The numbers refer to original studies, showing this is a literature review or meta-analysis. Key Themes & Why It Matters 1. Exosomes mimic stem cell therapies but are safer and easier to use Exosomes carry the beneficial factors secreted by stem cells without needing to transplant the whole cell, avoiding immune rejection and other risks. They are more stable and easier to store and deliver. 2. Wide range of tissues targeted Heart: exosomes promote cardiac repair by carrying miRNAs and proteins that enhance heart muscle cell survival, reduce fibrosis, and stimulate blood vessel growth. Central & Peripheral Nervous Systems: they help nerve regeneration, reduce inflammation, and prevent neural cell death, crucial for stroke or nerve injury recovery. Skin: exosomes aid wound healing, reduce inflammation, combat aging/photoaging, and improve skin hydration. Muscle: they promote muscle regeneration, increase muscle cell proliferation, and reduce scarring. Liver: exosomes help regeneration after injury by activating regenerative signaling pathways. Blood vessels: promote angiogenesis by regulating key growth factors and genes. Cartilage: aid cartilage repair by promoting cell proliferation and reducing inflammation. Ovary: used to treat premature ovarian insufficiency by preventing cell death and promoting cell growth through various signaling pathways. Bone: enhance bone formation and healing by regulating osteogenic (bone-forming) factors and pathways. 3. Molecular mechanisms Many entries mention specific miRNAs (small RNA molecules that regulate gene expression), signaling pathways (like PI3K/Akt, Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK, etc.), or proteins (e.g., heat shock proteins, growth factors) that are transferred or influenced by exosomes. These mechanisms explain how exosomes exert their therapeutic effects at the cellular level. 4. Research stages Some studies are in vitro (cell cultures), some in vivo (animal models), and some are a mix, indicating how far along each approach is in development. Summary of Why This Table is Important Exosomes are emerging as powerful cell-free therapies that can promote healing, regeneration, and functional recovery in many tissues by delivering bioactive molecules. They can target complex diseases and injuries by modulating inflammation, cell death, tissue remodeling, and regeneration. The table shows how exosomes derived from different stem cells or tissues are being explored extensively across regenerative medicine, making them versatile tools with clinical promise. Understanding the specific miRNAs and pathways involved can help design more effective exosome-based treatments tailored for particular organs or diseases. 7.1 Myocardial (Heart) Regeneration Context: After heart damage (e.g., heart attack), regenerating heart muscle (myocardium) is tough because heart cells don’t divide much naturally. Stem cells like mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), cardiac stem cells, embryonic stem cells, etc., release exosomes — tiny vesicles (50-100 nm) carrying proteins, RNA, and signaling molecules. These exosomes can reduce heart damage by: Lowering oxidative stress (damaging reactive oxygen species), Increasing energy molecule ATP in cells, Activating protective cell pathways (like PI3K/Akt), Protecting cells from programmed death (apoptosis), Promoting new blood vessel growth (angiogenesis), Reducing inflammation and fibrosis (scar tissue). Example: MSC-derived exosomes reduced infarct size in mice and rats. Different exosome sources matter — e.g., diabetic rat heart cell exosomes inhibit blood vessel growth due to specific microRNAs they carry (miR-320 up, miR-126 down). Some researchers pre-treat MSCs (with atorvastatin or GATA-4 gene) to produce exosomes with stronger protective effects. Targeting exosomes specifically to damaged heart tissue is being done by attaching homing peptides to exosomes, improving delivery and therapeutic effect. Why important: These findings show exosomes could be a minimally invasive, cell-free therapy for heart repair, overcoming challenges of stem cell therapy. 7.2 Neuronal (Nerve) Regeneration Context: Nerves in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves regenerate poorly after injury. Exosomes from nervous system cells or MSCs can promote nerve regeneration by transferring beneficial miRNAs (small regulatory RNA molecules) and proteins. Examples: Serum exosomal miR-9 and miR-124 are promising stroke biomarkers. MSC-derived exosomes with miR-124 improve neuron growth after traumatic brain injury by inhibiting harmful inflammatory pathways (like TLR4). Exosomes transfer miR-133b to neural cells, enhancing recovery after stroke. Exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) promote peripheral nerve repair by supporting Schwann cells (cells that form myelin sheath) and reducing apoptosis. Exosomes from endothelial cells carrying miR-199-5p activate pathways promoting Schwann cell repair. Some exosomes come from Schwann cells themselves and support nerve regeneration. Targeting proteins inside exosomes (like Argonaute-2) shows miRNA content is critical for their regenerative effect. Combining exosomes with 3D scaffolds may further boost nerve repair. Why important: Exosome therapies could enable recovery from nerve injuries, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases without complex cell transplantation. 7.3 Cutaneous (Skin) Regeneration Exosomes from stem cells, bacteria, and plants can improve skin healing, rejuvenation, and protection from UV damage. They act by interacting with skin cells and extracellular matrix (the structural network of skin), influencing: Activation of cell growth pathways (PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β), Regulating collagen production (important for skin strength and elasticity), Modulating inflammation by downregulating cytokines and NF-κB pathway, Accelerating wound closure, Reversing UV-induced damage and hyperpigmentation, Increasing skin hydration and reducing enzymes that break down collagen. Collagen regulation varies by wound healing phase (early vs. late). Why important: This suggests exosomes could be used as therapies for wound healing, anti-aging skin treatments, and protection against sun damage. 7.4 Muscle Regeneration Exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), MSCs, and other muscle-related cells promote muscle repair by: Enhancing muscle cell proliferation and differentiation (growth and maturation), Increasing expression of key muscle genes like MYOG (myogenin) and MYOD, Inhibiting muscle atrophy (wasting), Modulating growth factors and anti-apoptotic miRNAs (miR-21, miR-1, miR-133, miR-206, etc.). Non-stem cell exosomes from macrophages or muscle cells (like C2C12) also promote muscle repair via gene regulation. Mechanical strain on muscle cells can make their exosomes more effective for repair. Why important: Exosome therapies could improve healing in muscle injuries or degenerative muscle diseases. 7.5 Vascular (Blood Vessel) Regeneration Exosomes from endothelial cells (lining blood vessels) and progenitor cells promote blood vessel growth by delivering miRNAs that: Increase angiogenic factors like VEGF, eNOS, HIF-1α, Enhance endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and new blood vessel formation. Exosomes from MSCs cultured on special materials or with growth factor supplements (like PDGF) have enhanced angiogenic potential. Hypoxia (low oxygen) stimulates cells to release exosomes with stronger angiogenic effects—tumor cells under hypoxia produce exosomes that promote blood vessel growth, aiding tumor progression. Overexpression of miR-21 in exosomes increases pro-angiogenic proteins and decreases inhibitors like PTEN. Why important: These findings highlight exosomes’ role in therapeutic vascular regeneration (e.g., healing ischemic tissues) but also their potential in tumor angiogenesis (which may be a treatment target). Summary of Why This Matters: Exosomes are natural nanoscale messengers released by cells, carrying miRNAs, proteins, and signaling molecules. They can regenerate damaged tissues in heart, nerve, skin, muscle, and blood vessels by modulating cellular processes like survival, growth, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Their small size and natural origin make them promising cell-free therapeutic agents avoiding risks of whole-cell transplants. Understanding the source and molecular cargo of exosomes is key to harnessing their benefits safely and effectively. Advances include targeting exosomes to injured tissues and engineering their content to boost therapeutic effects. 7.6 Chondral (Cartilage) Regeneration Background: Cartilage damage (e.g., in osteoarthritis) is hard to repair because cartilage has limited self-healing. Exosomes from MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells) show promise to promote cartilage regeneration by: Increasing cartilage cell proliferation and survival, Modulating immune responses (increasing regenerative M2 macrophages, reducing inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β and TNF-α), Activating key signaling pathways (AKT, ERK, Wnt), Promoting cartilage matrix production. Different MSC sources (bone marrow, embryonic, fat-derived, synovial membrane) and chondrocyte-derived exosomes vary in effectiveness. Pretreating MSCs with molecules like kartogenin enhances their exosomes’ ability to induce cartilage formation. Overexpression of specific miRNAs (e.g., miR-140-5p, miR-199a-3p) in MSC-derived exosomes improves cartilage repair. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived MSC exosomes seem even more potent for cartilage regeneration. Why important: These findings support exosome-based therapies for osteoarthritis and cartilage injuries, potentially offering alternatives to joint replacement or invasive surgery. 7.7 Hepatic (Liver) Regeneration Background: Liver can regenerate but can be overwhelmed by injury or disease. Exosomes from healthy hepatocytes transfer enzymes like sphingosine kinase (SK2) to promote liver cell proliferation after injury. MSC-derived exosomes promote liver regeneration and reduce fibrosis by: Stimulating hepatocyte proliferation, Activating antioxidant defenses (e.g., glutathione peroxidase 1), Modulating signaling pathways like Wnt/β-catenin and AKT/mTOR, Carrying circular RNAs (circ-RBM23) that regulate miRNAs involved in proliferation. Placenta MSC exosomes also promote regeneration via Wnt signaling and proteins like C-reactive protein. Exosomes from liver progenitor-like cells improve regeneration by modulating the FoxO1/Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling axis. Why important: Exosomes could become cell-free therapies to treat acute liver injury, chronic liver disease, or support liver surgery recovery. 7.8 Ovary Regeneration Context: Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) causes infertility; current treatments are limited. Stem cell–derived exosomes show therapeutic potential by: Preventing apoptosis (programmed cell death) of ovarian granulosa cells via multiple pathways (e.g., YAF2/PDCD5/p53, PI3K/AKT/mTOR), Delivering miRNAs (e.g., miR-369-3p, miR-126-3p, miR-17-5p, miR-144-5p, miR-664-5p) that regulate genes to prevent cell death, Enhancing extracellular matrix proteins (collagen IV, fibronectin, laminin) important for ovarian structure, Increasing hormone levels (estradiol (E2), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)) and reducing follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Increasing follicle number and corpus luteum formation, Ultimately improving fertility and birth rates in animal models. However, effects may not last long-term; more studies are needed before clinical use. Why important: Exosome therapy could become a novel, less invasive option for women with POI or other ovarian dysfunctions. 7.9 Skeletal (Bone) Regeneration Context: Bone injuries or diseases require effective regeneration to restore structure and function. MSC- and ADSC-derived exosomes promote bone regeneration by: Increasing osteogenic genes/proteins such as RUNX2 (bone formation regulator), ALP (enzyme marker for bone growth), COL1A1 (type I collagen), Enhancing angiogenic factors (VEGF, ANG1, ANG2) to support blood supply, Modulating miRNAs (e.g., upregulating miR-146a-5p, miR-503-5p; downregulating miR-133a-3p) involved in bone growth and remodeling, Activating signaling pathways like PI3K/Akt and MAPK important for cell proliferation and differentiation. Genetic modification of MSCs (e.g., overexpressing miR-21, HIF-α) further boosts the bone healing properties of their exosomes. Targeted delivery to bone tissue has been improved by attaching specific molecules (aptamers) to exosomes. Aging reduces MSC exosome regenerative capacity due to different miRNA content. iPSC-derived MSC exosomes also promote bone healing effectively. Exosomes can reduce apoptosis (cell death) in bone cells and promote vascularization critical for bone repair. Why important: Exosome therapies could offer advanced treatments for fractures, osteoporosis, and other skeletal conditions, improving healing speed and quality. Overall Key Points: Across these tissues, MSC-derived exosomes are powerful mediators of regeneration due to their cargo of proteins, miRNAs, and signaling molecules. They promote healing by enhancing cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and reducing inflammation. Preconditioning or genetic modification of MSCs can improve exosome therapeutic effects. Different sources of exosomes (bone marrow, adipose tissue, iPSCs, placenta, chondrocytes) have different strengths. Research is advancing toward cell-free therapies that avoid risks of stem cell transplantation but still harness regenerative potential. 🎯 Section 8: Limitations and Challenges While exosomes are very promising, there are several important challenges holding them back from widespread use in clinical settings: 1. Difficult Isolation & Detection Ultracentrifugation (the standard method) is slow, expensive, and not very precise, which can reduce the exosomes' biological effectiveness. Commercial kits exist, but they're too costly and mostly limited to lab research. Researchers are exploring better techniques like: Magnetic nanoparticles fused to transferrin (e.g., Qi et al.) for easy targeting and simpler isolation. 2. Heterogeneity of EVs (Extracellular Vesicles) EVs (including exosomes) are not a uniform group—there are different subtypes with different biological roles. Current tech isn’t yet able to fully distinguish or isolate these subpopulations, making research and therapy more complex. 3. New Nano-Based Detection/Isolation Technologies These are cutting-edge and aim to be cheaper, faster, and more accurate: Nano-DLD: Isolates super small exosomes (20–100 nm), but still hard to design/manufacture for real-world use. RPS (Resistive Pulse Sensing): Measures shape, size, and charge at the single-particle level. SPR-based nanosensors: Detect exosomes via surface interactions—fast, scalable, and doesn’t require labeling. 4. Targeting Specificity and Circulation Time Exosomes often get cleared too quickly from the bloodstream and may not target the right tissue. Strategies to improve this include: Surface modifications (e.g., adding peptides or ligands for targeting specific cells). PEGylation (adding PEG polymers) extends circulation time from 10 min → 60+ min. Exosome-liposome hybrids: Help with stability, immune evasion, and cellular uptake. 5. Limited Understanding of Their Mechanisms Scientists still don’t fully know how exosomes actually cause tissue regeneration or how they interact with cells. It's unclear how they: Enter cells Deliver drugs Influence cancer progression or suppression 6. Storage and Stability Exosomes don’t store well long-term. Freezing, freeze-drying, and spray-drying are commonly used, but they damage activity or structure. Better storage methods are urgently needed. 7. Challenges in Drug Loading It's hard to measure and optimize how much drug gets loaded into an exosome or how efficiently it carries it. Many studies don’t even report the ratio of exosome to drug. ✅ Section 9: Concluding Remarks This section wraps up everything by summarizing the potential of exosomes and the work still needed: Why exosomes matter: They’re great messengers between cells. They cross biological barriers better than synthetic nanovesicles. They’re useful in: Drug delivery Diagnostics (biomarkers) Tissue regeneration Cancer immunotherapy and vaccine development Main hurdles: Mass production is hard because we still rely on slow, inefficient isolation methods. Purity is critical—clinical-grade exosomes must be free from contaminants and unused drug molecules. Molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of exosomes are still not fully known. Better technologies are needed to: Identify exosomes Understand their targets Make sure they work effectively and safely The way forward: Exosomes that follow Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) can be used in human trials. Collaboration across disciplines (doctors, biologists, engineers, and data scientists) is essential to make exosome therapy a real clinical option.
The difference between someone genuinely getting to know you… and someone just keeping you around. We’re in an era of breadcrumbing, delulu dating, and glamorized inconsistency — and too many women are calling confusion “chemistry.” In this episode, we’re unpacking the quiet line between being genuinely pursued… and just being kept around.
Struggling to make sense of meds, mechanisms, and side effects? Pharm Pathways is your go-to pharmacology podcast built for nursing students who want to learn smarter, not harder. Each short, focused episode breaks down complex drug classes, memory tricks, NCLEX-style tips, and real-world nursing applications—all in a clear, conversational style. Whether you're prepping for exams or reviewing on-the-go, this is your audio lifeline to mastering meds with confidence.
In this episode of Stop the Static: Traveling Toward Transformation, host Jenna sits down with Stephen Hunt, M.Div., M.S. Leadership, to unpack his new blog series The Resilient Shepherd. Drawing on Stephen’s doctoral research into clergy stress and religious coping, the conversation offers practical, Bible‑rooted tools for pastors and believers facing fatigue. Topics include early warning signs of burnout, positive versus negative coping, and four concrete practices for lasting resilience. Tune in for honest stories, scriptural encouragement, and steps that help you lead from a place of abiding strength.
Welcome to *Manifestations in Focus*, a podcast series designed for respiratory therapy students seeking a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and assessment of pulmonary diseases. Based on *Clinical Manifestations and Assessment of Respiratory Disease* (9th Edition) by Terry Des Jardins, each episode explores a specific chapter, highlighting key concepts such as disease mechanisms, diagnostic reasoning, physical findings, and the interpretation of clinical data.
Patient interview components and techniques, geared to a physical therapist assistant student audience.
Welcome to The Mind Jedi Podcast, where we explore the art of mastering your mind to unlock happiness, resilience, and personal growth. Each episode dives into practical techniques, scientific insights, and timeless wisdom to help you overcome fears, doubts, and insecurities, reconnect with your natural confidence, and transform your mindset. Join us as we train to become the masters of our own minds—one thought at a time.
Exploring the afterlife and mental health
Why be a member of Vegan Running Club? We explain what we offer to our members and why if you are a vegan already in another running club you gain advantages of being part of VRC as your second club.
Austin and Hollie.AI discuss hot topics and edge papers in cardiology.
Jika bukan dengan kitab Allah (Al-Quran), dengan apa lagi yang terbaik kita nak rawat hati? Hidup hari ni penuh rencam,mencorakkan peribadi kita. Baran,sombong,selfish.Tanpa hati yang sejahtera, jiwa akan sentiasa diselubungi pelbagai kesakitan, stress,anxiety,takut,risau,bimbang dan sering kita buntu dan terperangkap, gelap dan tidak jumpa jalan keluar. Akhirnya berputus asa. Jadi bagaimana? Seharusnya diri kita dicorak Al-Quran dan sunnah Nabi agar kita sentiasa selamat jiwa. Tapi bagaimana? Bukan semua orang belajar agama. Caranya, faham apa Dia beritahu,bila faham terus ke hati, jiwa kita dapat berubah.Tindakan kita jadi selari dengan apa yang Al-Quran inginkan. Dengan itu kita menjadi manusia selamat & sejahtera! Bukankah itu yang kau nak?
Want to discover more? Explore all podcasts on Jellypod